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Saturday, October 30, 2010

Things That Can Help You Solve Your Problems

  1. http://www.google.com - Google is awesome, if you dont know how to use it, ask your grandpa
  2. http://www.youtube.com - Lots of videos, from tutorials to naked people.
  3. You brain.
  4. Pray to your God.

p/s: im not a genius, my friends is awesome. i asked them a lot. at least im appreciating other's work. people will not giving free consulting services, thats what i learn from my friends too.

EchoLink for Android Smartphones

EchoLink for Android provides access to the EchoLink network from your Android device. You can use this app to connect to the EchoLink system from almost anywhere, using either a WiFi or cellular (3G) connection.






If you dont know what is Echolink, go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echolink

APRSdroid – APRS for Android Smartphones

APRSdroid is an Android application for pushing your current GPS coordinates to the APRS Internet Service network without using any VHF transceiver.




Get the latest APRSdroid here http://aprsdroid.org/get

MorseMe - Morse Using your BlackBerry® Handheld’s Backlight.



Now you can morse any text using your BlackBerry® Wireless Handheld’s backlight.
Just select text in one of the following applications and you can translate it to morse code:


  • MemoPad, 
  • Browser, 
  • Calendar, 
  • Address Book, 
  • Tasks, 
  • EMail, 
  • and PIN Message.


Mobile GMaps - FREE Maps Application For Your Mobile Phones

Mobile GMaps is a FREE application that displays maps from Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps, Windows Live Local (MSN Virtual Earth), Ask.com, Open Street Map and other sources on Java J2ME-enabled mobile phones, PDAs and other devices. MGMaps can connect to a GPS receiver over bluetooth or use internal GPS features on some phones in order to automatically display the map for your current position. You can pre-download maps and store them on your memory card in order to use them on the go without accessing the internet.







Mobile GMaps is distributed under the Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivs Creative Commons license. You may download, use and distribute the application free of charge only for personal, non-commercial purposes.


Perfect for Nokia S60, Blackberry, LG, Motorola, Helio and any JAVA enabled mobile phones.

Get Mobile GMaps here http://www.mgmaps.com

BBScanner - Listen To Police And Fire Scanners For Blackberry Smartphones



BBScanner allows you to listen to over 2,200 police and fire scanners, railroad communications, and weather radio broadcasts from around the world using your BlackBerry.

Some of the more popular scanners people listen to are:


  • Chicago Police
  • Los Angeles Police
  • Dallas Police and Fire
  • Denver Police and Fire
  • Philadelphia Police

For more info go to http://www.bbscanner.com/


APRSBB - An APRS Client For Blackberry Smartphones

To all amateur radio operators who want to use APRS without APRS kit and transceivers, you can turn your Blackberry to a APRS client device. Open your browser to http://aprsbb.bluearray.net/current/ and download the installer.

If you dont know about APRS, go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System

If you dont know what is amateur radio, go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio


Thanks to Lynn (KJ4ERJ), Paul (KJ4DXK), Josh (W4SGC) and Thomas (W4WCQ)







Tuesday, October 26, 2010

Tuesday, October 12, 2010

How To Get Amateur Radio License In Bangladesh

Interested candidates are requested to click on the following link and download the Application Form for the License Test and complete the registration process by filling up the required information and submitting it to BTRC when the tests are resumed again and is informed through this site.
 
Please click on the link below to download the Application Form: 

Amateur Radio Operator License Application Form

Documents Checklist.
•  Attested photocopies of educational documents.
•  Photocopy of Passport or National ID Card or Nationality certificate from Ward commissioner or other    proof of nationality.
•  A Pay order/Demand Draft of Tk.200 (MYR 8.84) in favor of Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory     Commission (BTRC)”
•  Completed checklist of attached documents with a forwarding letter to BTRC. 

Please note that the test will be conducted through Computer Based Testing (CBT) system. A total of 35 MCQ type questions will be in the test. A minimum of 18 correct answers will be treated as pass mark. The duration of test is one hour. 

Please click on the link below to view the Test Syllabus:
Amateur Radio Operator License Test Syllabus
 
Please click the following link to view the ARO License Provisions and Conditions:
 
Candidates who have already passed the Computer Based test (CBT) are kindly requested to apply to BTRC at the earliest, mentioning the desired Call Sign and attaching a copy of the Score Report of the CBT along with the application for issuing an Amateur Radio Operator license.        





General Class








Intermediate Class








Computer Based Test In Bangladesh




First Bangladeshi SDR SSB Receiver By S21RA






http://www.barl.org/


http://www.btrc.gov.bd/licensing/operators/aro/aro.php


Frequency allocation For Bangladesh Amateur Radio 




p/s: RM8 for amateur radio examination, computer based test, minimum 18 correct answers, RM 44.2 callsign process fee, RM5 license fee per year for both license, practical test, no morse code test.







Saturday, October 09, 2010

Ubuntu-Hams - great week, first on-air nets

Ubuntu Linux for Ham Radio Operators





Bert Kolts, AB0VI


This free operating system provides your PC with all of the usual features, including lots of ham radio applications.

If you have wanted to upgrade your PC to a new operating system, but haven’t wanted to pay the high cost for some commercial packages, then you might want to consider the world of open source software. Contrary to popular belief, there are several options available for PC operating systems.
After a string of never ending system bugs and finally a hard drive crash, I was finally prompted to look for an alternative operating system for my PC. The hard drive was easily replaced, but I wanted an operating system (OS) that wasn’t going to cost me hundreds of dollars, that would be more robust and would support my ham radio operation.
A suggestion from a friend and a little time spent surfing the Web quickly led me to the Ubuntu Web site. It looked like a good option, but the most important question in my mind was whether it would support any ham radio applications.

What is Ubuntu?

Simply put, Ubuntu is a full-fledged operating system based on Linux (the PC version of UNIX) that has a similar look and feel to other popular OSs, such as Microsoft Windows. The Ubuntu OS supports all of the usual PC functions but with software that is all open sourced. This means that the operating system and all of the programs that it includes are totally free. Over the last few years, Ubuntu has gained in popularity to the point where some PC vendors are now offering it as an option with some of their new products.
In case you might be wondering about the name Ubuntu, it is a concept that comes from several South African languages. It’s one of those terms that does not translate well into English, but according to The Official Ubuntu Book it can be roughly translated as meaning “humanity toward others,” or “I am because we are.”

The Ubuntu desktop looks similar to those of other operating systems. Figure 1 shows the desktop that I use for version 8.04 (also referred to as Hardy Heron). You might notice that the desktop does not have any individual program icons, but this is simply a matter of personal preference, icons can be added if you wish. All of my programs are listed under the APPLICATIONS menu, located at the top left of the display, where I can organize them into folders by program type. Also located in that corner of the display is the PLACES menu, which contains such items as disc drives and networks, as well as folders for pictures, videos, music, etc. The SYSTEMS menu has user preferences and system administration menus.

The Ubuntu OS uses Firefox as a Web browser and Evolution for e-mail. For office applications the OpenOffice suite is provided, which supports a full featured word processor, spreadsheets, presentations and more. The system also includes the usual games, photo, video and music programs as well. Some of the video programs will even support the European video formats. This is an important feature if you have friends or relatives in Europe, as we do, who like to send you home videos of the grandchildren.
Hardware support is good too. I have two different PCs that interface with a router, one via LAN and another wireless. Each has a different printer as well. All of these devices, including the wireless USB adapter, were identified during system installation and simply worked with no problems. Ubuntu supports a wide range of both old and new hardware and peripherals. A list of the supported hardware can be found on the Ubuntu Web site.

If you would like to give Ubuntu a trial run, you can go to their Web site and download the OS, or order a free CD. You could also choose to buy one of the books that provide an introduction to Ubuntu, many of which will also include a CD. Just be sure that the included CD is one of the recent Ubuntu releases. Version 10.04, Lucid Lynx, is the latest, as of this writing.
When installing the OS, you will discover that you have several options. You can either run Ubuntu directly from the CD, just to try it without installing it on your hard drive, or you can create a dual boot configuration and have both Ubuntu and your old OS available. Of course you can also take the big jump and simply install Ubuntu as your only OS.

With the OS up and running, software updates and support are likely to be the next concern. The Ubuntu community, which consists of developers and users, provides periodic software updates, documentation and user forums. These help to assure that your system is kept up to date and that users have a resource for questions and problems should they arise.

Ham Radio Applications

At this point, since Ubuntu is beginning to look like a really viable alternative OS, the next big issue is whether it will support the ham radio applications that we want to run. Fortunately, the answer to this question is yes it will.
One of the nice features of Ubuntu is the Synaptic Package Manager. This system lets you search through thousands of programs for specific types of applications and once found, download and install them onto your PC. All of this is done in one simple operation. To help make life easier, the programs within the Package Manager are categorized by type, such as games, mathematics, network and science. There is even a separate category for Amateur Radio.
The ham radio applications include programs for Morse code training, APRS and packet programs, rig control, CW and digital mode terminal applications, satellite tracking, Smith Charts, logging, DX clusters and more. In most cases there are multiple programs available for each of these applications and there is also a logging program that interfaces with LoTW.
As an example, I use the program Xlog, shown in Figure 2, for my log. This program not only provides basic contact logging, but it also tracks your scoring for important awards and checks for previously worked stations. In addition to this, Xlog can also read your rig’s frequency, mode and power via the serial port. For contesters, there is a CW keyer mode that allows you to program the function keys with CW messages and, of course, it can also import and export log data in several common formats.
There are a number of programs available for Ubuntu that will support the various digital operating modes. One popular program for digital mode operation is fldigi. This program, shown in Figure 3, supports several digital modes including: CW, PSK, HELL, Olivia, RTTY and more. It also has the ability to perform rig control, measure frequency (calibrated to WWV), log contacts, run in contest mode and interface with QRZ.com.

Wine It’s Not Just for Drinking

But what happens if you can’t find a Linux application for the task you need and a Windows program is the only solution? Fortunately all is not lost, because there are several ways that you can run Windows based programs on Ubuntu. One of these ways is with Wine.
Wine is a software package that lets you run many Windows applications within the Ubuntu LinuxWindows folder “Program Files” that contains your Windows applications. When you run a Windows application in Ubuntu it will execute under Wine, but the display will look just like does when it executes from a Windows operating system. environment. It creates a virtual C: drive on your hard disc and there you will find the familiar
Figure 4 shows an example of the Windows program CircuitMaker, a circuit simulation program, running under Wine. CircuitMaker is an old program that is no longer supported, but in this case I needed this old Windows program to support some of my older homebrew projects. It runs as well now with Ubuntu and Wine as it did with my old Windows system.
The much newer circuit simulation program, LtspiceIV from Linear Technologies, can be run with Wine as well. I downloaded the file a few days ago and it loads and runs on my PC with no problems whatsoever.
Schematic capture and PCB layout applications are also necessary tools for those of us who like to do homebrew projects. The PCB vendor that I like to use for my PC boards provides free schematic and layout software, but unfortunately their software is only available in Windows versions. (Will software vendors ever learn that there are some of us who prefer to operate in Linux? Sigh.) Once again, it only took me about a minute to download their software onto the Wine C: drive and install the programs. As expected, they ran perfectly with no problems.
[Note that the Wine emulator works well for smaller applications such as those described above, but it should not be considered a replacement for a Windows OS. Most of the larger, more complex programs that run smoothly under Windows will run erratically or not at all in the Wine environment. Ed.]

The Bottom Line

In today’s tight economy many of us are looking to get the most bang for our computer buck. Ubuntu, with all of its standard features and functionality, its large library of Linux based ham radio applications and its ability to run Windows applications if necessary, is certainly a viable option when considering an operating system upgrade. Best of all, since the Ubuntu system is open source software, this is all available for free, which makes Ubuntu Linux and ham radio a hard combination to beat. After 2 years of running Ubuntu on two of my home PCs, I find that the more I use it the more I like it, so give it a try.

More Information

This article can’t even begin to describe all of the functions, features and applications available with Ubuntu, so for more information about Ubuntu, Linux, Wine or any of the other applications mentioned here, or to download software, try the following links: Ubuntu, OpenOffice, FireFox, Evolution, Wine, fldigi, Xlog.
The following two books are the ones that I keep next to my computer and refer to most often. They provide a good introduction to Ubuntu for the novice user and they contain Ubuntu CDs.

• Hill, Burger, Jesse, & Bacon; The Official Ubuntu Book; Prentice Hall, 2008.
      This is a good overview of Ubuntu, including its history.
• Grant, Rickford; Ubuntu for Non-Geeks; No Starch Press, 2008.
      This book provides a lot of good practical “how to” information for the Ubuntu beginner.



Bert Kolts, AB0VI, an ARRL Life Member, was first licensed in 1960 (previously WA2VQB and WA0WZI) and now holds an Extra class license. Bert is a retired electrical engineer who spent 37 years working for Hewlett Packard and its spin-off Agilent Technologies. He is currently refreshing his German via online courses, learning to program in Python and of course hamming, where he works mostly CW and PSK31. Bert has published numerous professional articles on test and measurement and has also articles in QEX and QST. Bert can be reached at 253 Steamer Ct, Estes Park, CO 80517.

 

Who Is Amateur Radio Elmers ?


An "elmer" is a kindly ham who helps newcomers get started in amateur radio. Many are happy to invite you into their "shacks" for a demonstration as to how an amateur radio station operates.  Others enjoy helping with the testing procedures, and getting a station set up and on the air.


"Elmer" is a nickname or term used to describe someone that can answer lots of your Ham Radio related questions when you are starting out in Ham Radio

 In amateur radio culture, an Elmer is a person who teaches and nurtures the neophyte amateur radio operator.

Elmer, the person who teaches and nurtures the neophyte ham radio operator. A mentor for Amateur Radio Operators. Almost all hams have had at least one Elmer in their Amateur Radio life. Many have had the privilege of being an Elmer to a new ham.The term "Elmer"--meaning someone who provides personal guidance and assistance to would-be hams--first appeared in QST in a March 1971 "How's DX" column by Rod Newkirk, W9BRD (now also VA3ZBB). Newkirk called them "the unsung fathers of Amateur Radio." While he probably was not trying to coin a term at the time, here's how Newkirk introduced "Elmer" in his column and, as it turned out, to the rest of the Amateur Radio world:
"Too frequently one hears a sad story in this little nutshell: 'Oh, I almost got a ticket, too, but Elmer, W9XYZ, moved away and I kind of lost interest.'"

Newkirk went on to say, "We need those Elmers. All the Elmers, including the ham who took the most time and trouble to give you a push toward your license, are the birds who keep this great game young and fresh."--Rick Lindquist, N1RL

p/s: is there any ham radio elmer here in Malaysia ?

Amateur Radio Reciprocal Operating Agreement In Malaysia









Foreign amateur radio operator may apply for Amateur Radio Apparatus Assignment under the reciprocal arrangement between their country and Malaysia. MCMC may issue an Apparatus Assignment to the foreign amateur radio operator if they meet all the requirements. The class of the Apparatus Assignment issued will be equivalent to the license class or assignment issued by their home country authority in their original home country. List of countries which have reciprocal arrangement with Malaysia:

  1. Thailand
  2. Indonesia
  3. Laos
  4. Vietnam
  5. Myanmar
  6. India
  7. China
  8. Mongolia
  9. United Kingdom
  10. Germany
  11. Switzerland
  12. Finland
  13. Czech Republic


The Apparatus Assignment will not be issued for a period of more than the validity of the home country license, or 1 year which ever is earlier.

Foreign amateur radio operator which came from country which has no reciprocal arrangement will be dealt on case by case basis. However, an introduction from a member of MARTS will be preferred.

Foreigner And Amateur Radio License In Malaysia


Licensing information for Malaysia - 9M2, 9M6 and 9M8

Prepared by: OH2MCN - Veke & N5TTQ & NX1L - Nao & 9M6CT - Phil & G3LIV/K2KW & 9W2PA & 9M2/G3TMA & G3LIV - Johnny & 9M2/JR1WZI - Ken, & 9M2/G3TMA
Status: Jan-96, Jan -98, Sept '99, Sept '00, June '01, Aug '01, Oct '02, Jan '03, Nov '03, Nov '04

Intro: If you have a foreign ham license, you may apply for a 3-month temporary licence. Upon approval by Jabatan Telekom Malaysia, licence will be issued with callsign 9M*/Homecall. See below.
Old info deleted.

Follow the instructions give on the following Web sites:

http://www.marts.org/hcall.html
Sabah Amateur Radio Society (9M6RAC)
Hillview Gardens Amateur Radio Club L I C E N S E

All seems to be going much easier in 9M6 and 9M8 than in 9M2, and especially no worries if you go to Hillview Gardens.

Maybe Sabah and Sarawak are more used to touristic and their exotic wishes like ham licenses! [comment by OH2MCN]

Copied from www.marts.org (info updated 29 June 2001): "Foreign visitors who are on a short stay in Malaysia and hold an equivalent 9M2 licence may apply for a temporary licence. Upon approval by Communication and Multimedia Commision the licence will be issued with callsign 9M2/Homecall."

Apply to:

Malaysian Communications Multimedia Commission
63000 Cyberjaya
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
Tel +603 8688 8000
Fax +603 8688 1000
Email webmaster @cmc.gov.my

PTT (all very old addresses):
in Kuching

Jabatan Telekom Malaysia
fao. Jemat Bin Bujang
Kawasan Sarawak
Block A, Jalan Simpang Tiga
93672 Kuching, Sarawak
East Malaysia
Tel: 082-421 987
Fax: 082-246 780
in Sabah

Pengarah Telekom.
Jabatan Telekom Malaysia.
Kawasan Sabah.
Peti Surat No A7.
89357 Inanam.
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
East Malaysia
Tel: 088-421 987
Fax: 088-426 987.
MALAYSIA: Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitters' Society [MARTS New Site (fully active 2002) ]

Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitters' Society
PO Box 10777
50724 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia.
email: admin@marts.org.my

Here some additional informations from a Dxpedition in March 1996: All Ham bands are allowed. Therefore we used only 100 watts we did not ask for maximum power regulations (should be 400 W PEP). The costs are 10 Malaysian Ringit (about 4 US Dollar) for a 3 month valid guest license. The permanent licence costs 36 Ringgit per year. If possible you should send the application for the license 6 month before you start. You really have to bring 2 references of local (9M8) amateurs.

I am everytimes able to give a lot of usefull hints if anybody is interested in a 9M8 operation.

73 and next time we will make something better

Michael DL6MHW/9M8MH
Michael Hoeding hoeding@volker.cs.Uni-Magdeburg.de
 

Comment from: "Klimoff Timo, OH1NOA" timo.klimoff@pt3.tempo.mol.fi
Date: 6 Sep 2000
The information given on the Weg pages of 9M6AAC is useful also for other parts of East Malaysia. Pls see the License pages of 9M6AAC and apply it accordingly.

WEST MALAYSIA LICENCE ADDRESS (via K2KW, Tnx Kenny for QSP)

G3LIV reports this is the new centre for 9M2 License:

Malaysian Communications Multimedia Commission (CMC)
Leve 11 Menara Dato'onn
Putra World Trade Center
45 Jalan Tun Ismail
50480 Kuala Lumpur
Tel +603-2942121
Fax +603-2940943. (de K2KW: the website lists the FAX number as +603 2694 0908)
Email shtoh@cmc.gov.my

License form can be downloaded from their web page http://www.cmc.gov.my/
The form is found on: http://www.cmc.gov.my/appratusframe.htm , then click on D) Amateur Service
Here are some other MCMC web pages relating to amateur radio:
http://www.cmc.gov.my/prototype/puA123126/puA123126_49.html
http://www.cmc.gov.my/prototype/puA128129/puA128129_58.html

Do not expect any replies to faxes.
Cost is approx £20 for 3 months license. Willing to supply but system is very, very slow.

From: Kean Chin Aw KCAW@altera.com
Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 08:29:24 -0800

Subject: 9M and 9W

Hi,

Just to keep you informed that the Communication and Multimedia Commision of Malaysia resumed the RAE examination on 20th November 2001 and the results have been publilshed with about 170 persons out of 270 persons passed the test. The morse code testing will resumed in yr 2002.

Hope that this information can help you to keep the Worldwide Information on Licensing for Radio Amateurs by OH2MCN current and updated for Malaysia.
Thank you.

73s...9W2PA

Addition From: ian.buffham@my.transport.bombardier.com
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2002 08:49:45 +0900

Subject: Malaysia Licence

Hi! Thanks for your excellent licence information service! I have just managed to get a 9M2 licence after 7 weeks of trying and 5 visits in person to the
Communications and Media Commission. A complete application needs the following:-

  1. Copy of home licence
  2. Letter of Introduction from home radioSociety
  3. Letter of Introduction from MARTS (NB Letter of Introduction from 9M2 local was rejected)
  4. Sworn oath regarding secrecy
  5. Copy of passport details
  6. Completed form Application for Apparatus Assignment(s) (Amateur Service)
  7. Sketch of proposed antenna

I had to pay fees as follows:-

RM 60 Admin fee for new application, RM 31 for licence for 1 year. A 5 year licence is possible but seems not easy to get.

Useful contacts are as follows:-

MARTS Vice President is 9W2AC, Zool agzol@tm.net.my

CMC contact Rozaida rozaida@cmc.gov.my

NB 9M2xx type calls are not possible. It must be 9M2/Home call.

Best regards Ian 9M2/G3TMA

Addition From: "Johnny Melvin"
Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2003

Hi Again de G3LIV.

I tried for my 9M2 license again in Jan 2002, Having had 12 week period cover for 2 previous years.

Time involved was many weeks again, But new application form has a box to tick if you want to apply for 5 YEAR COVER. Try to send 5 year application before the year in which you were covered for short period previously and they will wave the other paperwork and consider it just a renewal of old cover.
At least that what happened in my case. I did this in the FEB 2002. Paid up in full at same time. I was leaving mid MAY from UK. License never arrived till SEPTEMBER. 2002. All to late.

But I now have a FULL license for 5 Years. Cost was Total about £50/$75 for the application costs and 5 year cover.

It just takes OH so long. Nothing seems to speed the process up. My Hotel would not allow operation without the Paperwork being presented. I asked license dept for just a short letter of intent, but could not get any answer.


But at least its a start. Thanks for GOOD info on your pages.

de Johnny G3LIV

G3LIV reports:Do not expect any replies to faxes.
Cost is approx 20  for 3 months license. Willing to supply but system is very very slow.  

Addition From: "Arai, Kenji" Kenji.Arai@ap.sony.com, jr1wzi@ca2.so-net.ne.jp
Date: Sat, 1 Nov 2003


Hi
Your web is very useful for me. About 9M2 license

First, You have to join MARTS. I paid RM70 for membership. Required documents are same as G3TMA Ian reported.

I got my license the next day I submitted an application (to MCMC). I do not know why so quick proceeding. (I got license on 30-Sep-2003)

I paid RM60 for new application, and RM36 for license for 1 year.

Additional useful contact is

MARTS Member's affair Ms Zue Zainal (9W2ZU) kaypool@hotmail.com

73
Ken
9M2/JR1WZI
Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

Addition From: "Buffham Ian" ian.buffham@siemens.com
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2004
Hi!  Just an update on West Malaysia licencing.  The Communications and Multimedia Commission have now moved from their offices in the Putra
World Trade Centre.  The new head office is:-
Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission
63000 Cyberjaya
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
Tel +603 8688 8000
Fax +603 8688 1000
Email webmaster @cmc.gov.my
 
Amateur licences can be issued from a number of regional offices as follows:-

Central Regional Office covering the Kuala Lumpur area:-
Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission
Level 17, Wisma Masalam
1, Jalan Tengku Ampuan Zabedah C9/C
Section 9
40100 Shah Alam
Selangor
Tel +603 5518 7701
Fax +603 5518 7710
 
Northern Regional Office:-
Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission
Unit 3, Level 10 Menara UMNO
128, Jalan Macalister
10400 Penang
Pulau Pinang
Tel +604 227 1657
Fax +604 227 1650
 
Eastern Regional Office:-
Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission
Level 2, Bangunan Tabung Haji
Jalan Bukit Ubi
25200 Kuantan
Pahang
Tel +609 512 1100/1119
Fax +609 515 7566
 
Southern Regional Office:-
Malaysian Communications & Multimedia Commission
Suite 7A, Level 7
Menara Ansar
Jalan Trus
80000 Johor Bahru
Johor
Tel +607 226 6700
Fax +607 227 8700
 
Best Regards
 
Ian 9M2/G3TMA





Wednesday, October 06, 2010

So You Think You Are An Amateur Radio Hustler ?



You said people are wrong, and you are right
Your hobby is not from your race, country but you HESITATE to learn or use English language
You are fanatic about phonetic alphabet  you hesitate to use MALAYSIA instead of MIKE
You told that you are competent and experienced than others
You told that you are empty, but you hide something
You use people to gain title in society
You told kids to use bla, bla, bla eventhou you know that kids is broke
You answered so, so answers to those who asked you politely
You told that building a club is making a border, but then you said you cant be friend with bla, bla, bla since he/she is in the different clubs. 
You told that "clear" is use to end up transmission, but then you use "over"
You keep saying that homebrew, DIY is good to newbies, but you dont ever know how to build an antenna
You told people that you own certain frequencies, and prohibiting anyone to use that frequencies 
You said that modern technologies are sucks but then why you use a cell phone ? searching info on QRZ.com ?
You told the world about amateur radio, but you don't even know about electronics, transceiver, law and regulations.
You think like typical countrymen, but you don't event know the meaning National Principles
You scolded newbies to show people that you are strict and loyal
You told people that you are a victorious in your past years, then what is your contributions to your country ?
All people are stupid, because they dont know how to bla, bla bla since you do
All people suck because they use certain frequencies, and you use another frequencies
You told overseas station that you are a Malaysian, a Muslim. You do ? do you follow National Principles ? since you work for government, are you really a Malaysian ?



to be continue..




Life is a non-stop education for us. dont think you are hustler, if you are muslim, people will still teach you how to answer a question even when you are already dead

Who Is 9M2DX ?



Dr. Ahmad Faizal bin Mohd. Zain is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and heads the Centre for Wireless and Radio Science (WARAS) at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia where he was instrumental in the founding and establishment of the Centre. WARAS operates the first and only digital interferometric ionosonde and magnetic observatory in Malaysia. He read for both his Electronic Engineering Bachelor's Honours degree and Master of Engineering (Microwave Communications Engineering) degree at the University of Sheffield. In 1990, Faizal was conferred a Ph.D. degree from The Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A., for his “Investigation of the Obliquely Downgoing ELF/VLF Generated Waves during Ionospheric Modification Heating Experiments at High Latitudes.” The research was carried out under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research, Department of Defence, U.S.A., at Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska. He is a qualified Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) and a Fellow of the Institute of Engineers Malaysia (IEM). Dr. Faizal is also a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, U.S.A. (IEEE). He has worked as Vice President at TelSys Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA, a NASA spin-off, space technology-based company involved in reconfigurable computing, producing satellite telemetry equipment for the NASA's International Space Station. He was a founding member of the first Malaysian Microsatellite Consortium set up in 1992. Prof. Faizal has published and presented more than 100 papers both internationally and locally, in the field of ionospheric and space science, antennas and propagation, and engineering education. He is a keen golfer and enjoys Amateur Radio with both a full class Malaysian and an American Extra Class license
with callsigns, 9M2DX and WT3E. He is an avid fan of jazz and plays the piano and saxophone. His current research activities are the study of the equatorial ionosphere, ionospheric-litospheric coupling for detection of earthquakes, antenna and propagation, microwaves and RF engineering, and
engineering education.


SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

  1. A.F.M. Zain, S. Abdullah, M.J. Homam, F.C. Seman, M. Abdullah, and Y.H. Ho (2007): Observations of the F3-layer at equatorial region during 2005, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 70 (2008), 918-925.
  2. Abdullah, M., A.F.M. Zain, N. Misran, and D. Koh, 2006: Pembangunan laman pelayan aktif (Active Server Page) untuk pemaparan maklumat satelit, Journal of Industrial Technology (SIRIM), 15(1), 101–119, 2006. ISSN 0128–4940.
  3. M. Alias and A. F. M. Zain, 2006: Relationship between entry qualifications and performance in graduate education, International Education Journal, 7(3), 371-378.
  4. Abdullah, M., A.F.M. Zain, N. Misran, and D. Koh, 2006: Pembangunan Laman Pelayan Aktif (Active Server Page) untuk memaparkan maklumat satelit, Journal of Industrial Technology (SIRIM), 15(1), 101-119, 2006. ISSN 0128-4940. Ahmad Faizal Mohd. Zain, Ho Yih Hwa, and Harlisya Harun, 2005: Mapping of the Regional
  5. Total Electron Content Latitude and Longitude Profile, Journal of The Institutions of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM), Vol. 66, No. 3, September 2005.
Source: web.uthm.edu.my/ps/stafsiswazah/fkee/profirdrahmadfaizal.pdf

He went to Maktab Rendah Sains MARA, Muar, Johor, Malaysia for his secondary school. He pursued his degree at the University Of Sheffield, England, and graduated with the B.Eng. (Hons) in Electronic and Electrical Engineering in 1992. Upon graduation, he worked as a tutor in the Electronics Department at University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. He then enrolled at the University Of Sheffield, England, in 1994, where he was awarded the M. Eng. in Microwave Communications Engineering in 1996. Thereafter, he taught Electromagnetic Theory as well as Microprocessor Design and Applications at the Electrical, Electronic, and Systems Engineering Department at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. In 1999, Mr. Abdullah attended the Graduate School of The Pennsylvania State University and was admitted into the Ph.D. program in Electrical Engineering in 2004. During this time, he was a research assistant with the Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory (CSSL), where he had 3 million dollar University Research Initiative sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. He participated in four campaigns in Fairbanks, Alaska, to make low frequency measurements of the high-latitude ionosphere, using the High Power Auroral Simulation (HIPAS) ionospheric heater facility. He was also a teaching assistant with the Electrical Engineering Department
of The Pennsylvania State University in 2000. Mr. Abdullah has co-authored three papers in areas of Microprocessor Applications and Theoretical and Experimental aspects of ionospheric heating. He is currently a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE). He is also an active amateur radio operator holding callsigns N3FLX and 9M2DX with much interest in satellite, moonbounce, and packet communications.


Source: http://ps.uthm.edu.my/en/download/doc_download/53-app-q.html


Callsigns Info








How To Get Amateur Radio License In Australia

In return for being granted spectrum access radio amateurs must pass exams in radio (the theory exam) and the regulations affecting amateur operation. The purpose of the exams is to ensure that licensees can build and operate radio equipment without causing interference to others. Unlike all other spectrum users, radio amateurs are allowed to build or modify transmitting equipment, and do not need to obtain type-approval for it. Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate medium to high-powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies. 

To get an amateur license, you need to:
  1. Study regulations and radio theory - either through coursework or as an independent student
  2. Arrange for and sit the desired tests
  3. Await results from the Wireless Institute of Australia
  4. Submit evidence of your pass to the Australian Communications and Media Authority, which will issue a Certificate of Proficiency, issue a license and allocate a callsign.
The following paragraphs explain the categories of licenses available, privileges granted and the exams required. The remainder of this article will explain often overlooked, but important matters such as studying, arranging an exam and obtaining a license.

Categories of License

Australia now has three license classes. (updated 19 October 05, the date of commencement of the new arrangements)
  1. The amateur Foundation license. Holders of the Foundation licence can only use a transmitter that has been manufactured commercially, can only use voice, on either SSB, AM or FM or morse using a manually operated morse key, and not more than 10 watts output power on SSB, AM, FM or CW. Bands permitted are the 80, 40, 15 and 10 metre bands as well as the 2 metre band and the band 430 to 450 MHz, subject to necessary bandwidth restrictions.
  2. The Amateur Standard licence includes the existing Novice, and Novice Limited licensees, who can use any emission mode with a necessary bandwidth not exceeding 8 kHz on the 80, 40, 20 and 15 metre bands, and any emission mode with a necessary bandwidth not exceeding 16 kHz on the 10 metre band, the band 52 to 54 MHz, the 2 metre band, and the bands 430 to 450 MHz, 1240 to 1300 MHz, 2,400 to 2,450 MHz and 5.650 to 5.850 GHz, with no change to the current output power limits of 100 watts (PEP for SSB) and 30 watts (constant carrier modes).
  3. The Advanced licence includes the previously named Unrestricted licence, the Limited licence and the Intermediate licence. Advanced licencees can use any emission mode with a necessary bandwidth not exceeding 8 kHz on all bands below 24.990 MHz, any emission mode with a necessary bandwidth not exceeding 16 kHz on the 28.00 MHz to 29.70 MHz band, any emission mode with a necessary bandwidth not exceeding 100 kHz on the 6 and 2 metre bands and any emission mode with no bandwidth restriction in the amateur bands above 420 MHz, and with power limits of 400 watts (PEP for SSB) and 120 watts (for constant carrier modes).

Studying for the tests

Those wishing to obtain their amateur licence can prepare for the exams in several ways.


Formal Courses

Novice courses are normally run by radio clubs or WIA Divisions. Classes are normally weekly for 1-2 hours. A course length of around six months is typical. Courses may include regulations, Morse and a practical component. Not all clubs run licence classes. 

Internet

Another way to study is via the Internet course run by Ron Bertrand VK2DQ's Radio and Elecronics School. This is particularly attractive for those unable to attend club courses due to distance or time constraints. Students can also subscribe to a mailing list and have any questions answered.


Individual

Books, videos and internet resources are available for those who wish to study by themselves.

 

Radio Theory Exam Preparation

With the introduction of the Foundation Licence in October 2005, courses are offered by various radio clubs and State associations aimed at providing students with the introductory level of radio knowledge required by the Foundation licence.
Refer to the WIA website for current details of clubs and the how and where of exams for all licence grades. Look under the heading Become a Radio Amateur for details. There is a sample Foundation Licence examination paper available for download, as well as a list of Learning Organisers who can give you information about your options for learning what you need to know to pass exams.
For the Amateur Standard licence, theory texts and courses for the former Novice licence should be considered.
  • Graeme Scott's Novice Operators Theory Handbook is very popular. It comes with a Morse tape and is available from supplier such as Dick Smith Electronics (Cat D 7112). Other books include Questions and Answers for the Novice Licence (now out of print) and Fred Swainston's Radio Amateurs Theory Handbook, which is suitable for both Novice and Full theory.
  • The WIA VK2 Division publishes a Novice Study kit, which is highly recommended.
  • The Gladesville Amateur Radio Club produces amateur radio licence study videotapes. Students can test their progress by doing a self-test exam as contained in books such as
  • 1000 Questions for NAOCP Candidates or on the WIA Victoria website. Excellent background reading appears on websites by VK2DQ and VK2TIP.
  • You can also learn from text books published by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) or the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB). Books are available for purchase direct from those sources, or you can buy from Amazon or other online book sources. In the Magazines and Periodicals section of the Clubs and Info section of this FAQ, there are links to suggested books on radio theory suitable for Amateur Radio students.
For the Amateur Advanced Licence, students can choose from classes run by clubs, where available, or using text books and other material. The WIA website has lists of Learning Organisers who can help you by providing information about the learning methods available to you.

 

REGULATIONS EXAM

Study material for the Regulations can be downloaded from the ACMA website. Alternatively, try contacting your local ACMA Office for an amateur information pamphlet.Access to this material is absolutely critical if you are to pass the Regulations paper. The Regulations part of the licence tests is like the road rules - you must know them or you run the risk of interfering with other radio users.
Another useful resource is the WIA Callbook - this contains much material pertinent to the student, including amateur regulations, frequency allocations, list of examiners (though possibly out of date), ACMA offices, club mailing addresses, WIA news broadcast, Morse practice broadcasts and more.

MORSE CODE and Amateur Radio Licences in Australia

It is no longer necessary to pass an exam in morse code for an Amateur Radio licence in Australia.
However morse is still used by amateurs and there are nightly Morse Practice Broadcasts (normally transmitted on 80 and/or 2 metres) transmitted especially for those learning the code. In addition, some cities have 24 hour continuous Morse practice beacons that you can tune into at any time. Listen on 3.699 MHz to hear VK2WI transmitting practice morse at a range of speeds. Also see the KA7NOC website under the CW link.


How the morse code requirement was dropped

There was a growing recognition during the 1990s that few prospective radio amateurs accepted the validity of the morse proficiency requirement for HF licences. Some or all WIA Divisions conducted a survey of members in late 1995 to see whether their members agreed with the morse requirement. The morse code test was widely seen as out of step with today's technology and the interests of today's newcomers to the hobby. There were movements afoot in New Zealand, Europe and the USA during the next few years, culminating in an announcement by the American radio administration (FCC), that from April 2000, the morse speed requirement would be reduced to 5 wpm. Many other countries followed suit, including Australia and New Zealand and many European countries. More details were published by the WIA
The morse test requirement was finally removed as a treaty requirement by a World Administrative Radio Conference in 2003. The morse test was left to individual countries to apply if they wished. In Australia, the ACMA agreed to remove the requirement for morse tests as of 1 January 2004.
This is nevertheless not the death of morse code as an active mode on the amateur bands. Morse is too useful a mode for it to be dropped by amateur radio. Using morse code an amateur can bypass language differences and overcome interference and crowded band conditions that would make communications impossible on any other mode.
Morse will continue to be the most fundamental of the digital modes, for use under the worst possible radio conditions such as Earth-Moon-Earth amateur communications. It will also continue to be used for low power communications (QRP), where the simplest transmitters simply turn a single radio signal on and off and there is no need for the complexities of voice modulators.

Arranging the exam

A list of radio clubs providing Foundation licence tuition and examination services can be found on the WIA website - under the main heading "Become a Radio Amateur" choose the Assessment Resources link. At this page there is information about Learning Organisers, your first point of contact if you wish to become licenced. There are also lists of Assessors, who are authorised to conduct examinations. 
For many students a two day Foundation licence course conducted over a weekend concludes with an examination and a result. The success rate is high on the first attempt so if you are interested, you have a very good chance of getting your Foundation licence. 
Amateur exams are conducted by accredited individuals, clubs and former WIA Divisions operating under the auspices of the Wireless Institute of Australia (WIA). If attending a course you will be offered the opportunity to sit an exam when the course ends. Those studying independently need to find an examiner themselves. One starting point is your local radio club (or former WIA Division) - most clubs have accredited examiners but may not always run licence courses. Alternatively, contact details for examiners are given in the WIA Callbook, which is sold directly by the WIA. Note that this list is not necessarily up to date and some of those listed may no longer be active examiners.


Waiting for the results

The examiner will send your paper away to be marked, and you will await the results. The highlight of your days will be checking the mail box to check for the magic envelope from the WIA. Don't fret if it takes a while - waits of four to six weeks are fairly normal. At this time, you will no doubt be planning to acquire some transmitting equipment, looking at catalogs and websites, scanning the magazines and asking people their opinion on particular pieces of equipment. There is a section on equipment in VKFAQ to give you some help here. 
You might also use this time to think about your preferred callsign. Callsigns are a personal issue for many. Some like being able to choose a callsign including their initials or some other combination meaningful to them. There are several requirements for this to be possible. Firstly it must be within the callsign block for the particular licence grade. Secondly, it must not be already allocated. Thirdly, the callsign must not have belonged to a recently deceased amateur. Amateurs serious about getting a 'good callsign' firstly develop a short-list (based on initials, likely confusion with other callsigns, pronuncibility, brevity on CW etc).
Having considered what callsign letters you might want, you can search the ACMA's online database to see which of your preferred options may be available. When the time comes for ACMA to allocate a callsign, you will have the opportunity to state your preferred options. Don't expect to get your number one preference though - keep an open mind. 
For a while the ACMA suspended issuing callsigns with two letter suffixes, as they were in high demand and numbers were limited (676 per call area - 26 * 26). A ballot for allocating 2 letter suffixes to applicants was conducted in 2008. However there is always a turnover in callsigns as unfortunately we can't take them with us. The ACMA is sympathetic to requests to retain a callsign in a family, and to freeze a callsign so it cannot be reallocated within a reasonable time after the death of the previous holder. It is also possible to make requests to the ACMA for your callsign to be made available to a specific friend or relative. If you make such requests, make sure your intended next holder of your callsign is aware of your wish.



Certificate of proficiency, callsign and licence
 
Once you have details of your pass, you can now obtain a certificate of proficiency. Most people do this over-the-counter at their nearest ACMA office. It should be emphasised that a Certificate of Proficiency is not a license to operate. However, the Certificate qualifies the holder to obtain the category of amateur licence commensurate with the certificate. 
On payment of a licence fee, the Authority will issue your station licence. Your callsign will be printed on the licence. If you don't already have one, request a Radiocommunicatons Licence Conditions (Amateur Licence) Determination document for your licence grade as well. The LCD is the document that states the conditions under which you must use your licence. 
Obtaining and renewing an amateur licence requires payment of an issue or renewal fee. A small discount applies for multi-year licenses, which are available for up to 5 years. Details on the ACMA website.


After getting a licence, then what?
 
Once you've passed the exams for your chosen class of licence, then the real fun begins (unless you're an exam addict, and only wanted to become an amateur for the thrill of the exam :-)) . Amateur radio has so many different facets to enjoy. Many are outlined on this website.

I'm visiting Australia - how do I get a reciprocal licence?
When visiting some countries you don't need to do anything other than bring your equipment and the licence issued by your home country. This is due to an international agreement between radio communications administrations. 

Australia is working towards that situation, and for some countries you can do that now. Depending on where you come from, you will either be able to use your home callsign with a suffix of the vk call area you are operating from, eg. G3PHO/vk1 or you may need to take out an Australian amateur radio licence with a VK callsign. This has been changing so please check ACMA's website if it is important to you. 

The Australian Communications and Media Authority has published a comprehensive document about this subject. What it says is 

  • Don't just bring a radio and expect to use your foreign licence and callsign. To operate as an amateur in Australia you need an Australian licence and an Australian callsign VK*xxx.
  • Apply in person at any ACMA office or in writing at least 3 months before your intended visit.
  • There is a long list of countries with which Australia has reciprocal licencing agreements - ie. Australia recognises the foreign country's licence qualifications and vice versa. Amateurs from those countries will basically have no problem in being allocated a licence that corresponds to their qualifications.
  • There is another list of countries which have licence conditions that Australia recognises as sufficiently similar to ours, that we will grant an Australian licence.
  • Amateurs from other countries with licence qualifications that are not as yet recognised by Australia, may be issued with a licence allowing operation on 146-148 MHz FM with max 10 watts output.
  • Another special condition exists for Japanese operators with "telephone or telegraph" [voice-only or morse-only] licences, who may be issued with licences to operate on bands above 30 MHz, phone only, max 10 watts output.
  • Visitor's licences are not automatically renewable and if they are not issued under the terms of a reciprocal agreement, are endorsed so they cannot be used as the basis of a licence issue by another country. However, visitor licences are normally renewed on request, providing the conditions are still satisfied.
You need to supply ACMA with
  • your current Amateur licence or certificate of qualifications
  • your passport and proof, eg. a visa, of the duration of your visit;
  • a completed licence application form (RF57); and
  • the current licence fee which is $AUD53.90 (in Australian dollars).
You can do this in person, or by mail. If doing it by mail you can send certified copies of those precious documents instead of the originals.
For more details please consult the ACMA web site


Tuesday, October 05, 2010

Between Amateur Radio Operator And Amateur Radio User



Someone gave a hint by questioning me "are you a amateur radio operator or user?", sounds just the same but full of differences.

Let see,

User - a person who makes use of a thing; someone who uses or employs something.

Operator - hustler: a shrewd or unscrupulous person who knows how to circumvent difficulties.

 So, which is the right terms for us ? could be a pluger and player or a hacker ?

General Info on Amateur Radio in Indonesia

General Info on Amateur Radio in Indonesia
 

Amateur Service is a radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.
(ITU Radio Regulations, Article S1.56)
Operation of an amateur radio station requires an Radio Amateur License issued by Directorate General of Posts and Telecommunications.
There are four license levels, or "license classes" : No Code, Novice, General and Advanced.
Before receiving a license, you must pass an examination organized by the state institution above.
A unique callsign is assigned to each amateur radio station during the processing of its license.
Each amateur callsign has a two letters prefix (YB, YC, YD, YE, YF, YG or YH) indicating the station class and a numeral (0 to 9) named call-area indicating the geographic region of Indonesia, followed by a one to three letters suffix (in several call-areas indicating the province area).
Organisasi Amatir Radio Indonesia (ORARI) is an organization to represent the amateur service and its activities throughout the country, founded on July 9, 1968.
ORARI subdivided into 3 levels of organization : ORARI Pusat (National), ORARI Daerah (Provincial) and ORARI Lokal (District).
ORARI is a member of The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU).
For more information, please contact ORARI Daerah Headquarters in your area.
Foreign amateur who wish to obtain license in Indonesia should have a temporary residence or residence permit in Indonesia and a reciprocal agreement has been established by the two countries.
License class and privileges will be issued based on original license possessed and valid for only 1 (one) year.
Guest Operator is permitted.
For further information, please contact ORARI National Headquarters.




Classes of Amateur Radio Station Licenses
 

Class Prefix Privileges
No Code
(Pemula)
YH


  • Permitted only to operate in 2m & 70cm band except on satellite segment.







  • See Band Plans for detailed frequency privileges.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted : 10 watts.







  • Permitted for domestic/national communications only.







  • Validity of license 2 (two) years.





  • Novice
    (Siaga)
    YD, YG


  • Permitted to operate on all HF bands (CW only) except on 20m & WARC bands*.







  • Permitted only to operate on 80 meter on PHONE mode.







  • See Band Plans for detailed frequency privileges.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted below 30MHz : 10 watts.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted above 30MHz : 30 watts.







  • Permitted for International communications (CW mode only).







  • Validity of license 3 (three) years.





  • General
    (Penggalang)
    YC, YF


  • Permitted to operate on all HF bands except on 20m & WARC bands*.







  • See Band Plans for detailed frequency privileges.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted below 30MHz : 150 watts.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted above 30MHz : 75 watts.







  • Permitted for international communications.







  • Validity of license 5 (five) years.





  • Advanced
    (Penegak)
    YB, YE


  • Permitted to operate on all frequencies allocated to the Amateur Service.







  • See Band Plans for detailed frequency privileges.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted below 30MHz : 500 watts.







  • Maximum transmitting power permitted above 30MHz : 180 watts.







  • Permitted for international communications.







  • Validity of license 5 (five) years.





  • * WARC bands :New frequency allocations for amateur radio (30m, 17m and 12m) based on 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference.





    Amateur Radio Map of Indonesia
     

    Getting an Amateur Radio Operator License


    Operation of an amateur radio station requires an amateur operator license issued by Directorate General of Post and Telecommunications.  There are four classes of license: No Code, Novice, General and Advanced, each authorizing privileges corresponding to the qualifications required.
    Before receiving a license, you must pass an examination organized by the state institution above. Most new amateur operators start with the Novice Class and then proceed class by class as their skills and abilities increase in operating an amateur station. Only a few newcomers begin at No Code class.
    General Qualifications by Class.
     
    No Code Class :
    • Indonesian citizen and minimum 14 years old.
    • Passed the following examination elements :

      • Basic knowledge on radio regulations and operating procedures.
      • Basic radio techniques.
      • National ideology and constitutions.

    Novice Class :
    • Indonesian citizen and minimum 14 years old.
    • Passed the following examination elements :

      • Basic knowledge on radio regulations and operating procedures.
      • Basic radio techniques.
      • National ideology and constitutions.
      • Morse code sending and receiving test at 5 wpm (words per minute).

    General Class :
    • Have held Novice class license for minimum 6 (six) months.
    • Have at least 40 QSL cards including 25 cards from 5 call-areas and 15 cards from other countries.
    • Have at least 4 certificates issued by ORARI.
    • Passed the following examination elements :

      • Intermediate knowledge on radio regulations and operating procedures.
      • Intermediate radio techniques.
      • English language for communications.
      • National ideology and constitutions.
      • Morse code sending and receiving test at 8 wpm (words per minute).

    Advanced Class :
    • Have held General class license for minimum 1 (one) year.
    • Have at least 50 QSL cards from 15 countries and 3 continents.
    • Have at least 8 certificates issued by ORARI.
    • Passed the following examination elements :

      • Advanced knowledge on radio regulations and operating procedures.
      • Advanced radio techniques.
      • English language for communications.
      • National ideology and constitutions.
      • Morse code sending and receiving test at 12 wpm (words per minute).